Eur. Phys. J. A (2019) 55: 235
https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2019-12797-y

Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Low-lying dipole and quadrupole states

Are they new excitation modes?

¹ INFN Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
³ School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
⁴ iThemba LABS, P.O. Box 722, 7129, Somerset West, South Africa
⁵ Departamento de FAMN, Facultad de Física, Sevilla, Spain
⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
⁷ INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

^* e-mail: lanza@ct.infn.it

Received: 30 April 2019
Accepted: 9 June 2019
Published online: 3 December 2019

Abstract

We briefly review the main properties of the low-lying dipole states known as Pygmy Dipole Resonance trying to select the main one which could define this new excitation mode. A good candidate seems to be the isoscalar-isovector mixing. This mixing, more effective at the nuclear surface, has been proved by both theoretical and experimental investigations. On the other hand, the study of the low-lying quadrupole states does not seem to provide clear evidence for a new excitation mode. The theoretical approaches used to investigate the quadrupole response reach different conclusions and the experimental data can only clearly establish the multipolarities of the states and their one-phonon character. Moreover, cross section calculations are not sensitive enough to disentangle between quadrupole states which are considered, in one of the theoretical approach, as due to different excitation mode.