https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-025-01711-5
Regular Article -Theoretical Physics
Non-radial oscillations and gravitational wave radiation of proto-neutron stars
1
School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road 388, 430074, Wuhan, China
2
Institute of Astrophysics, Central China Normal University, Luoyu Road 152, 430079, Wuhan, China
3
School of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Second Gaoxin Road 129, 430205, Wuhan, China
Received:
31
March
2025
Accepted:
29
September
2025
Published online:
19
October
2025
We study the g-mode non-radial oscillations of proto-neutron stars during the cooling stage. Based on finite-temperature extended Brueckner–Hartree–Fock theory and the relativistic mean-field theory, and combined with appropriate crust equations of state, we construct isentropic equations of state for proto-neutron stars with neutrino trapping. Under the frozen-fluid assumption during oscillations, the difference between the adiabatic and equilibrium sound speeds gives rise to nonzero Brunt–Väisälä frequencies, which enables the existence of g-mode oscillations. We then study the effects of temperature and neutrino trapping on the g-mode frequencies under the Cowling approximation, making comparisons between results with the two EOSs and examining the impact of varying crust equations of state. Our results show that, compared with cold neutron stars, neutrino trapping significantly reduces gravity-mode frequencies in both models, and the relativistic mean-field model systematically yields lower frequencies than the Brueckner–Hartree–Fock model. Neutrino trapping also prolongs gravitational wave damping times and reduces the strain amplitudes, but predictions indicate that the signals remain within the sensitivity of current and future detectors. These findings highlight the potential of gravitational wave observations to probe the interior physics of proto-neutron stars.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
