https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-021-00552-2
Letter
Deconfinement and degrees of freedom in pp and 
collisions at LHC energies
1
Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510, México Distrito Federal, México
2
Wigner Research Center for Physics, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
3
Departamento de Fisica de Particulas, Universidale de Santiago de Compostela and Instituto Galego de Fisica de Atlas Enerxias(IGFAE), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
4
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Received:
16
December
2020
Accepted:
6
July
2021
Published online:
21
July
2021
We present the extraction of the temperature by analyzing the charged particle transverse momentum spectra in lead–lead (Pb–Pb) and proton–proton (pp) collisions at LHC energies from the ALICE Collaboration using the Color String Percolation Model (CSPM). From the measured energy density 
and the temperature T the dimensionless quantity 
is obtained to get the degrees of freedom (DOF), 
. We observe for the first time a two-step behavior in the increase of DOF, characteristic of deconfinement, above the hadronization temperature at temperature 
210 MeV for both Pb–Pb and pp collisions and a sudden increase to the ideal gas value of 
corresponding to three quark flavors in the case of Pb–Pb collisions.
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
