https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-00998-6
Regular Article – Experimental Physics
Towards the understanding of the genuine three-body interaction for p–p–p and p–p–
1
A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
2
AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
3
Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
4
Department of Physics, Bose Institute, Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India
5
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
6
Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
7
Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
8
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
9
Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
10
China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
11
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
12
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
13
COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
14
Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
15
Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
16
Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
17
Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
18
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
19
Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
20
Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
21
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
22
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
23
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
24
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
25
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
26
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
27
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padua, Italy
28
Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
29
Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
30
Dipartimento di Scienze MIFT, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
31
Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
32
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
33
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
34
Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
35
Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
36
Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
37
Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
38
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
39
Fudan University, Shanghai, China
40
Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
41
Department of Physics, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
42
Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
43
Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
44
High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
45
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
46
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
47
Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
48
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
49
INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
50
INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
51
INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
52
INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
53
INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy
54
INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
55
INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
56
INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
57
Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
58
Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, The Netherlands
59
Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
60
Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
61
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
62
Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
63
Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
64
Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
65
Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
66
Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
67
iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
68
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
69
Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany
70
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
71
KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
72
Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis, Irène Joliot-Curie, Orsay, France
73
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS-IN2P3, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
74
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
75
Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, Sweden
76
Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
77
Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan
78
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
79
National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
80
National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India
81
National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
82
National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia
83
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
84
Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
85
Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, UK
86
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
87
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
88
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
89
Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
90
Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
91
Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
92
Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
93
Physics Program and International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (SKCM2), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
94
Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
95
Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
96
Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
97
Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
98
Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
99
Saga University, Saga, Japan
100
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
101
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
102
Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
103
Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria
104
SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
105
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
106
Technical University of Košice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
107
The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
108
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, US
109
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
110
Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
111
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
112
Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
113
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
114
University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
115
University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
116
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
117
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
118
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
119
University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
120
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
121
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
122
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
123
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
124
University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
125
CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
126
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
127
CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
128
Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), IRFU, Université Paris-Saclay Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), Saclay, France
129
Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
130
Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
131
Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
132
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
133
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
134
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
135
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany
136
Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
137
Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
138
Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
139
Zentrum für Technologie und Transfer (ZTT), Worms, Germany
140
Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
141
Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
142
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy
143
Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
144
Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
145
Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
146
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
147
An institution covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
148
CERN, 1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland
Received:
17
June
2022
Accepted:
30
September
2022
Published online:
3
July
2023
Three-body nuclear forces play an important role in the structure of nuclei and hypernuclei and are also incorporated in models to describe the dynamics of dense baryonic matter, such as in neutron stars. So far, only indirect measurements anchored to the binding energies of nuclei can be used to constrain the three-nucleon force, and if hyperons are considered, the scarce data on hypernuclei impose only weak constraints on the three-body forces. In this work, we present the first direct measurement of the p–p–p and p–p– systems in terms of three-particle correlation functions carried out for pp collisions at 
TeV. Three-particle cumulants are extracted from the correlation functions by applying the Kubo formalism, where the three-particle interaction contribution to these correlations can be isolated after subtracting the known two-body interaction terms. A negative cumulant is found for the p–p–p system, hinting to the presence of a residual three-body effect while for p–p– the cumulant is consistent with zero. This measurement demonstrates the accessibility of three-baryon correlations at the LHC.
T. M. Cormier, G. Zinovjev: Deceased.
© The Author(s) 2023
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
