https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01251-4
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Microscopic analysis of dipole electric and magnetic strengths in 
Gd
1
Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
2
State University “Dubna”, 141980, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
3
Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Universität Erlangen, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
4
Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84511, Bratislava, Slovakia
5
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
Received:
11
September
2023
Accepted:
25
January
2024
Published online:
7
February
2024
The dipole electric (E1) and magnetic (M1) strengths in strongly deformed Gd are investigated within a fully self-consistent Quasiparticle Random Phase Approximation (QRPA) with Skyrme forces SVbas, SLy6 and SG2. We inspect, on the same theoretical footing, low-lying dipole states and the isovector giant dipole resonance in E1 channel and the orbital scissors resonance as well as the spin-flip giant resonance (SFGR) in M1 channel. Besides, E1 toroidal mode and low-energy spin-flip M1 excitations are considered. The deformation splitting and dipole-octupole coupling of electric excitations are analyzed. The origin of SFGR gross structure, impact of the residual interaction and interference of orbital and spin contributions to SFGR are discussed. The effect of the central exchange 
-term from the Skyrme functional is demonstrated. The calculations show a satisfactory agreement with available experimental data, except for the recent NRF measurements of M. Tamkas et al for M1 strength at 4–6 MeV, where, in contradiction with our calculations and previous 
data, almost no M1 strength was observed.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
