https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01292-9
Regular Article – Experimental Physics
Examination of collective and single-particle models for excited states of 
C below 10 MeV in nuclear reactions induced by 18 MeV deuteron beam
1
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2 Satpayev Str., 011001, Astana, Kazakhstan
2
Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1 Ibragimov Str., 050032, Almaty, Kazakhstan
3
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 20 Joliot-Curie Str., 141980, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
4
al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Ave., 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
a
bakytzhan.urazbekov@gmail.com
Received:
28
September
2023
Accepted:
4
March
2024
Published online:
10
April
2024
This paper presents a study of both the elastic and inelastic scattering of a deuteron beam on C at laboratory energy of 18 MeV. The first 10 excited states of the carbon isotope were studied in terms of single-particle and collective models of excitation. Experimental cross sections were obtained by the well-known 
E–E method. Elastic scattering data were analyzed using an optical model including a nucleus–nucleus interaction potential, while inelastic scattering data were processed using the coupled-channels approach. For the single-particle model, the spectroscopic amplitudes were obtained through calculations of the large-scale shell model with the YSOXT effective NN-potential. A double folding potential was obtained for the d + C system. A comparison of model calculations with the experimental cross sections was demonstrated. The extracted deformation parameters and calculated spectroscopic information are shown in tables. The ability of the collective model to describe all excited states was demonstrated by good agreement when comparing the calculated cross sections in the collective model and experimental data. The single-particle model turned out to be significant only for the excited state of 3.09 MeV. The dominant role in the formation of the corresponding cross section is played by the 
C ground state core with the 2
neutron.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
