https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-01157-7
Regular Article –Theoretical Physics
Measures of azimuthal anisotropy in high-energy collisions
Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institut de physique théorique, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
a
jean-yves.ollitrault@ipht.fr
Received:
28
August
2023
Accepted:
4
October
2023
Published online:
18
October
2023
Azimuthal anisotropy is a key observation made in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. This phenomenon has played a crucial role in the development of the field over the last two decades. In addition to its interest for studying the quark-gluon plasma, which was the original motivation, it is sensitive to the properties of incoming nuclei, in particular to the nuclear deformation and to the nuclear skin. The azimuthal anisotropy is therefore of crucial importance when relating low-energy nuclear structure to high-energy nuclear collisions. This article is an elementary introduction to the various observables used in order to characterize azimuthal anisotropy, which go under the names of 
, 
, 
, etc. The intended audience is primarily physicists working in the field of nuclear structure.
In memory of Art Poskanzer.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
