https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01284-9
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
The breathing mode of the Hoyle state in 
C
1
Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, 113-8421, Tokyo, Japan
2
General Education, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, 535-8585, Osaka, Japan
3
Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University, 567-0047, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
4
Nuclear Reaction Data Centre, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0810, Sapporo, Japan
Received:
30
December
2023
Accepted:
23
February
2024
Published online:
11
March
2024
Excited states of the Hoyle state in C are discussed by taking into account the correct boundary condition for three-
resonant states with the complex scaling method. The Coulomb interaction is considered to play an important role for stability of a breathing 
motion. It is expected that such a breathing mode exists in other n systems as well. The development of a new method for solving n systems in the complex scaling method is reported.
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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
